As a plan, this house by Charles Moore seems to defy geometric definition. However, as space, the interlocking "rooms" progress vertically toward carefully considered sources of light....t.
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Robert A. M. Stern, Architect has clustered a series of living spaces around the mechanical core of this private house, presumably to capture ocean views.
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Formal Principles
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Holl experimented with the shotgun type in many projects. Here in the Berkowitz-Odgis house, he has anchored the ab-stract idea of the linear form to a particular place by protruding a wedge into the landscape, and terminating the line with
a tower. See our earlier discussion of Anchoring
the Building.
Principles of Design
2d floor
1st floorrrrr
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The linear
experience of
the Cook House
by Mockbee-
Coker Architects
is interrupted by
a water garden
and a large
chimney mark-
ing the entrance.
Although the se-
quence of rooms
is simple, spatial complexity is introduced by
separating the structural
system from the wall system.
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The basic form of the Ou House by Kobeou Associates is a double loaded corridor which you expect to find in a suburban school. However, here that form is eroded, disordered and bisected by another axis so that both interior and exterior spaces are made particular.
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The simplicity of the Tuscon Barby plan by Bruce Goff, Architect, is a bit deceiving. One enters the house on the outside corner of the elbow, and ascends each symmetrical half to a balcony at either end. The linear form of the house is interrupted both at the middle and the ends...s..
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A cluster of spaces may be related in any geo-metric order. It is their propinquity -- their nearness or similarity of kind -- which matters. We typically think of objects being clustered around something. That something might be an entrance, a courtyard, an axis, or an idea.
The modernist idea of open, flowing space rather than self-contained rooms is often organized in this way. A cluster might also be a larger composition of spaces, comprised of centered and linear groups of rooms. Historic plan types with this organizing principle include the following: side hall plan, back hall plan, L-shaped plan and living hall plan.
L-shaped plan
Living hall plan
Principles of Design
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Side hall plan
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The dynamic moulding of space in this classic modern house depends upon being anchored to the rock ledges to one side, and open to the stream to the other. This is a diagram of Falling Waters by Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Stretto House, Holl
Caption below
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Holl has utilized the musical form of stretto -- a close succession or overlapping of voices in a fugue -- to create this cluster of spaces in the Stretto house. Three dimensionally, the gridded structure is roofed with a suc-cession of over-lapping umbrella forms..
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We have included a series of floor plans which illustrate three distinct methods of organizing the parts of the house: centered plans, linear plans, and clustered plans. Each of these organizing principles has several subtypes -- for example, radial plans are a variation on centered plans. But for the sake of clarity, we have illustrated only primary principles. Similar studies could be made of building facades, sections, entrances, etc.
You also may wish to apply this purely geometric method of analysis to Historic Plan Types. You will discover that most buildings are organized as hybrids and subtypes of these primary formal principles.
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centeredPlans
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Centered Plansssssss
Centered plans are floor plans' geometries -- round, square, triangular or irregular -- which imply a center. Historically, the center of the house has been occu-pied by the hearth in northern climates, and the garden in southern climates. Each of these center pieces has achieved the status of a cultural icon. The way the geometry of the house affirms the existence of its center, and thus the icon placed there, affirms the basic values of the culture.
Of course, new physical and philosophical centers can be invented. You may wish to review Categories of Houses to see how the center of the American
e has changed over time. The historic plan types which are most clearly centered include: one room plan; center chimney plan; center hall plan; plantation house plan; polygonal plan; and courtyard plan.
Central chimney plannnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
house has changed over time. These historic plan types are most clearly centered: one room plan, center chimney plan, center hall plan, plantation house plan, polygonal plan and courtyard plan...................
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The 45-degree geometry of Silverio's Pine Cone house literally revolves around the center chimney, as if it were the stem of the pine cone. Although the 3 dimensional form recalls the stave churches of the Baltic region, it is also an excellent example of the hearth model.
Principles of Design
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Centered Plans
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1st floor
2d floorrr
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linearPlans
As a geometric principle, the line is infinite. That is, unless it is started, stopped or inter-rupted by some event along the way. Each of these examples of linear plans invents some method to tempt the infinite, yet anchors spatial experience somewhere on the line. Where the centered plan seems to always look inward, the linear plan wants to connect points.
Several Historic Plan Types organized by linear principles are illustrated in Categories of
Houses section:
Shotgun plan
Saddlebag plan
Dogtrot plan
Extended farmhouse plan
Charleston plan
Tenement plan
Principles of Design
Formal Principles
Linear Plans
Several historic plan types organized by linear principles are illustrated in the Categories of Houses section: shotgun plan, saddlebag plan, dogtrot plan, extended farmhouse plan,
Charleston plan and tenement plan..nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
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Shotgun plan
linearPlans
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-- Complete House --
onHarmony
ciples
But what about beauty? The principles which we have so far reviewed have primarily been concerned with recognizing the ecological situation of the house. Having forced such recognition, there is a danger that the formal principles of design may be forgotton, or worse, repressed as irrelevant.
By formal principles we mean those classical concerns of form, proportion, scale and harmony that have preoccupied architects for centuries. Many historians would have us believe that classical architecture was exclusively concerned with the ideal of beauty or the visual harmony of the architectural object. hese drawings by Andrea Palladio illustrate his 16th century study of harmonious proportions in the design of ceiling vaults and window mouldings.
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Courtesy Dover Publications, Inc.
Ceiling vaults and window mouldings by Andrea Palladio
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Robert A. M. Stern, Architect has clustered a series of living spaces around the mechanical core of this private house, presumably to capture ocean views.
Principles of Design
Formal Principles
Clustered Plans
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These drawings by Andrea Palladio illustrate his 16th century study of harmonious proportions in the design of ceiling vaults and window mouldings.
Courtesy Dover Publications, Inc.
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But rather than emphasize such traditional aesthetic concerns, our goal here has been to expand the classical idea of harmony to include
the natural world. In doing so, we must recognize
what critic Arthur Danto has said about the relation-ship between aesthetic and political harmony:
...the great political visions have been
precisely of the harmonious society, and it
would be difficult to think of a more exact
criteria of political health than harmony.
I might then....propose that every beautiful
work can be viewed as an allegory of
political well-being......]
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In requiring that beautiful works of archi-tecture be rooted in ecological harmony, we have raised some political questions and slighted some purely visual questions. Two authors who explore the subject of visual harmony far more than we are Ching in Architecture: Form-Space & Order and Clark
in Precedents in Architecture..
footnote
See "What Happened to Beauty" by Arthur Danto in The Nation. See Bibliography, General Architecture.........
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The plan of the house is a wonderfully ambiguous term. It might mean the floor plan
or the technical plan and blueprints to get the building built. This linguistic ambiguity reveals our assumption that the harmony of the whole design can be read in the plan.
The value of reviewing examples of formal plan organization is in recognizing the designer's ability to order all of the sometimes conflicting needs of the house into a single organizing idea. A good designer will avoid cramming rooms into a preconceived form.
Click on the Audio icon to hear the thoughts of architect Louis Kahn on the nature of harmony in the plan...king on the Audio button.
This unbuilt project by Louis Kahn, the Fleischer house, is a formal essay in how the square implies a center, either singularly or as a "society of rooms."er of the house is the sun....=
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The Jacobs house is an example of Wright's "Solar-Hemicycle Houses." It is actually a linear plan, bent around a central garden in radial fashion. The philosophical center of the house is the sun...
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Although there are similarities in the plan geo-metry of this house at
Breganzona by Mario Botta and the Pine Cone House, the asymmetrical center here is an exterior space closer to the garden model.
2d floor
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HOUSE DESIGN
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:PHYSSIZE
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HOUSE DESIGN
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:PHYSSIZE
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HOUSE DESIGN
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:PHYSSIZE
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HOUSE DESIGN
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:PHYSSIZE
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Principles of Design
:PHYSSIZE
Formal Principles
Clustered Plans
As a plan, this house by Charles Moore seems to defy geometric definition. However, as space, the interlocking "rooms" progress vertically toward carefully considered sources of light....t.